Как приготовить натуральное мыло в домашних условиях
How to prepare natural soap at home? If you want to understand this question, I think we have to understand a lot of small issues.
Understanding Natural Soapmaking
Welcome to soapmaking! In this chapter we’ll discuss the foundations of soapmaking. For example, what is soap? What makes natural soap different from the soaps you’ll find in most stores? What are some of the benefits of soapmaking? I’ll answer these questions and take you through some basics so that you can begin to break down the process into easy steps. I’ll also define key terms that you will encounter as you dive into this fun and creative craft.
Get excited
Soapmaking can be as creative as your imagination allows. I will help you start by sharing basic recipes and building your confidence until you are experimenting and creating soaps on your own. If you’ve always wanted to make goat milk and honey soap, then you’re in luck. How about Castile soap, soap for sensitive skin, or soap for babies? I’ve included a lot of specialty soaps like shampoo bars, shaving bars, and soaps made with essential oils that are known to help calm allergies. I’ve even included camping soaps like a jewelweed soap to help prevent poison ivy and poison oak reactions and an insect-repelling soap with citronella and other essential oils that combine to make a pleasant aroma for you, but an effective deterrent for bugs.
Maybe you’re interested in soap because you’re creative and want to make beautiful soaps with layers, stripes, and swirls. I’ll give you the techniques to make sure you are ready to explore your artistic side. Remember, even if I give you step-by-step instructions for natural coloring and scents, you can always mix and match ideas from other recipes. Scents and colors are easy to substitute. Oils are a bit trickier, needing some calculations, but I’ll show you how to do substitutions so that you’ll be making your own recipes by the time you are finished.
What is soap ?
here’s no better way to understand something than to make it, but without background knowledge you can sometimes feel a bit lost. Which is why I can’t teach you how to make soap without first answering the fundamental question: What is soap?
Put simply, when lye water is added to oils, there is a chemical reaction called saponification. Just as your elementary school vinegar and baking soda volcano eruption demonstrated a chemical reaction when two ingredients came together to make something completely different, the saponification process is a chemical reaction between fatty acids (oils, butters, fats) and sodium hydroxide (lye) that makes something new: soap. Recipes are developed with the goal of using all the lye during saponification so that no lye remains in the final soap product.
People have been making soap for centuries. Farmers would use every part of their animals, including the fat, to make things like candles and soap. Later, certain regions became famous for their olive oil and laurel berry oil soaps. My grandmother used to make soap with her mother using potassium hydroxide, or what she called potash, by taking the ashes from the fire, mixing it with straw, and running water through it for a few weeks. This would create a strong enough liquid to react with the fats they had saved to make a soft soap that they would scoop out of a tin and use on dishes, clothes, and even their bodies. Using these same age-old principles with a modern method, you’ll soon be doing this kind of science in your own kitchen.
The Benefits of From-Scratch Soap
Before you dive into any new project, it’s helpful to understand the benefits of what the project will provide. When it comes to soapmaking, there are huge benefits to making your own from scratch.
Knowing Your Ingredients
This is the most important benefit for me and my family. When you make your own soap from scratch, you know exactly what is going into it. You make the decisions on what is healthy for your skin and for the skin of those you love. No processing procedure or GRAS ingredients (ingredients that the government determines to be “generally recognized as safe” and thus do not need to be listed on a label) are getting into your soap because you are in full control.
Store-bought soap often contains artificial ingredients. Though there are a lot of toxic ingredients that I will not list here, most of them are used as artificial coloring, synthetic fragrances, and additives in specialty soaps. Those may look and smell pretty, but they are not natural and definitely not what I would consider healthy. Even homemade soapmakers may fall into the trap of using fragrance oils and pigment powders. In my opinion, why go to all the trouble of making something with wonderfully nourishing oils and then ruin it by adding toxic ingredients?
In this book you will not find any suggestions for fragrance oils or artificial pigments and additives. You do not have to compromise quality. Instead, you will have fewer problems and difficulties in making your soap because, more often than not, it is artificial ingredients that cause botched batches. You will be blown away by the beautiful colors and amazing scents that you can create without any unnatural ingredients. I am committed to providing you with the kinds of recipes and products that I would give to my own family.
Health Benefits
Your skin is the largest organ on your body, and it is extremely absorbent. The products that you put on your skin affect your overall health. When you make soap from scratch, you not only know your ingredients but you control them. You can add essential oils for aromatherapy benefits, as well as clays, charcoal, and herbs to address acne and other skin concerns.
Saving Money
If you want to be healthy, buying premade organic and premium products can become really expensive. When you make your own, there is an initial cost to the ingredients, but once you have them on hand, you can make enough soap for family and friends and still have ingredients left over to make lotions, lip balms, and other bath and body products.
Self-Sustainability
One of the reasons I started my company, Simple Life Mom, was because I wanted to learn how to make more of what we use on a daily basis. I value being able to have the choice to buy or make my own products. Soap, shampoo bars, shaving bars, laundry bars—these are all things that we use on an almost daily basis and that we can create ourselves.
Pride and Satisfaction
There is something very exciting about making a beautiful batch of soap with your own hands. It’ll get you hooked, in a good way. My first batches were made with makeshift molds, and the results were funky shapes and sizes. I still couldn’t have been prouder. I was like a little girl making her first batch of cookies.
Learning a Marketable Skill
Many people today are searching for pure and natural bath and body products. Who knows? You could end up starting a very successful home business, just as I did.
Now you will interested in how to prepare natural soap at home!
The Basics
Soapmaking from scratch can seem confusing at first, but I like to break the process down into categories and simplified steps. The steps you see here are the same steps you will see in the recipes. An understanding of what is happening at the molecular level will also help you visualize each step and why it is necessary.
The Science
For saponification, you need long-chain fatty acids (oils, butters, fats) and sodium hydroxide (lye). Every oil has a unique combination of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol. This is why each soap recipe calls for more than one oil: Each oil brings a different combination of fatty acids and reacts with the lye differently. A soap made from multiple oils will have multiple benefits—like moisturizing, conditioning, and cleansing. When the lye and fatty acids are mixed together, the fatty acids release glycerol molecules that bond with the lye. This chemical reaction creates soap (technically a salt). The glycerin releases when you use it and nourishes your skin.
The Process of prepare natural soap at home
It’s helpful to think of a soap recipe in three parts:
1.Oils and fats.
You will weigh the oils, fats, and waxes in your recipe, melt them together, and then let the mixture cool to around 110°F.
2.Lye water.
After measuring the lye and water separately, you will pour the lye into the water. Do this outside! Be sure to read the “Safety First” section in the next chapter and follow those steps carefully to have a safe soapmaking experience. Once combined, allow the mixture to cool to around 110°F.
3.Essential oils and other natural additives.
After everything is cooled to around 110°F, you will pour the lye water into the oils and blend until trace. Trace occurs when the soap mixture thickens enough that when you drizzle some over the top of your mixture with a spoon, you can see a trace, or trail. This is often when scents and colors are added, though sometimes colors are added to lye water or oils (I will cover that later).
All that’s left to do at this point is pour your beautiful creation into a soap mold and insulate for 24 hours before taking it out, cutting it, and letting it cure. It’s that simple! But don’t worry—I’ll go into a lot more detail in the following chapters.
Key Soapmaking Terms
COLD-PROCESS
The process of making soap at room temperatures or slightly above. No heat needed besides melting the fats together. Makes a smooth, hard bar.
FATTY ACIDS
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen compounds in fats. Types referred to in soapmaking: linolenic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, ricinoleic acids. Each one of these will provide different properties to your soaps.
GEL PHASE
When the saponification begins, the soap will heat slightly and can enter a gel stage, when the entire bar becomes darker and almost translucent. After this stage is complete, the mixture will lighten in color and harden.
HOT-PROCESS
The process of heating soap over low heat. Soap is ready to use immediately after cooling, but will result in a different texture than what the cold-process provides.
LARD
Fat rendered from a pig.
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (KOH)
This is also called potash and is used to make softer soaps. Liquid soaps often use potassium hydroxide as a base.
SAP VALUE
Every fat and oil has a different SAP value, the number of milligrams of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide required to saponify one gram of that particular type of fat or oil.
SAPONIFICATION
The chemical reaction that occurs when lye, water, and oils are combined. Fatty acids release the glycerol molecule and bond with the lye. This chemical reaction creates soap (technically a salt) and releases glycerin to nourish your skin.
SOAP ASH
A white residue that can form on the surface of soap. It’s hard to say why this occurs, because it doesn’t seem to be consistent, but it is more likely to form when soap doesn’t fully reach the gel stage or is cooled too quickly.
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)
The chemical name for lye, this is an alkali (base) used to react with fats and create soap.
SUPERFATTING
The process of using less lye so that more fats are left over after the saponification process (also known as lye discounting).
TALLOW
Fat rendered from cattle or sheep.
TRACE
The phase when soap is ready to pour. It thickens enough to leave a slight trace or trail when a spoonful is dribbled over the surface.
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